Cytokines, Graves' Disease, and Thyroid-Associated Ophthalmopathy

Thyroid hemiagenesis with Graves' disease, Graves' ophthalmopathy and multinodular goiter.

Thyroid hemiagenesis is a rare congenital anomaly in which one of the thyroid lobes with or without isthmus fails to develop. Here we present a woman patient with thyroid hemiagenesis, Graves' disease and ophthalmopathy with nodular goiter. Fine needle aspiration biopsy of the dominant nodule was suspicious of malignancy. The patient was referred for surgery for total thyroidectomy. Histopathol...

Ocular myasthenia with thyroid associated ophthalmopathy in subclinical Graves’ disease

Ocular myasthenia in Graves’ disease is very rare with less than 10 cases reported. We present a clinically euthyroid lady with features of thyroid associated opthalmopathy (TAO) who had mild ptosis, external opthalmoplegia, firm goiter and subclinical hyperthyroidism. Hertel exopthalmometry confirmed exopthalmos. CT orbit revealed thickening of bilateral inferior, medial and superior recti. An...

Thyroid antibody-negative euthyroid Graves’ ophthalmopathy

UNLABELLED TSH receptor antibodies (TRAbs) are the pathological hallmark of Graves' disease, present in nearly all patients with the disease. Euthyroid Graves' ophthalmopathy (EGO) is a well-recognized clinical entity, but its occurrence in patients with negative TRAbs is a potential source of diagnostic confusion. A 66-year-old female presented to our endocrinology clinic with right eye pain a...

Thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy in juvenile Graves' disease--clinical, endocrine and therapeutic aspects.

Children have about the same risk (or slightly increased) as adults to develop Graves' ophthalmopathy (GO) once they have contracted Graves' hyperthyroidism. The severity of childhood GO appears to be less than that of adult GO. The female preponderance is similar between children and adults with Graves' hyperthyroidism (87% and 83%, respectively), but the prevalence of smoking is much lower in...

Molecular Etiology of Graves’ Disease and Associated Ophthalmopathy